impossibly possible

How does your future look?

Kingdom of Play

Dear Impossible Readers,

Did you know that studies estimate nearly 80% of all toys end up in landfills, incinerators, or the ocean, unrecycled? No? Me neither. A UK study showed that the average child owns around 493 toys throughout their childhood, which could fill over 34 wheelie bins of clutter. Furthermore, research indicates that doubling the lifespan of toys through reuse, material recovery, or on-demand production could reduce greenhouse gas emissions per toy by 30-50% by preventing repeated manufacturing cycles. Recycling plastic toys into new printable material has been shown to lower emissions by 3-4 kg of CO₂ per kilogram of plastic compared to using virgin material.

What if we could do that? I would like to call it The Imaginarium. Instead of fitting toy creation into a standard household printer, imagine a specialised device dedicated solely to play. This toy printer would not compete with other tools or furniture. It would integrate more naturally into the child’s environment, both physically and conceptually. Its goal is not efficiency but inspiration. This device produces toys on demand: a rattle for a toddler, a puzzle for a rainy day, or a moving creature for a brief fascination. When the toy is no longer needed, it can be returned to the device, disassembled, and recycled. The toy disappears, but the materials are (mostly) conserved.

The Imaginarium uses various material cartridges, each tailored for a specific type of interaction. Soft toys are crafted from flexible, foam-like materials that resemble plush, making them lightweight, durable, and easy to clean. For infants, some options could include natural, non-toxic substances derived from sources such as cellulose, starches, or algae, which are already utilised in biomedical and food-safe applications. There are even toys that might be edible, eliminating risks during early play. Structural toys like blocks, puzzles, and simple tools are made from durable, baby-safe plastics. While these materials are not edible, they can be fully recycled within the device. They feature precise, snap-fit connections and can be reused multiple times without degradation. More advanced toys often combine printed shells with embedded movement or lighting features, all while avoiding the inclusion of delicate electronics in the manufacturing process.

Movement and interaction rely not on disposable batteries but on a limited number of reusable energy cores. These sealed units are shared among toys and enjoyed repeatedly over many years. Each core contains a solid-state power source with simple actuation or lighting components, all fully enclosed and certified as safe for children. The toy printer does not generate energy. Instead, it beautifully prints objects around these cores, gently embedding them into secure shapes that cannot be easily removed or misused. When a toy is no longer needed, simply return the core to the system to recharge and reuse in new designs. This means a household can get by with just a few energy cores, sharing them across many different toys rather than owning dozens of battery-powered ones.

Much of this system already exists in parts. Recyclable, self-healing polymers are currently under active research. Bio-based, food-safe printable materials are used in medical and laboratory environments. Modular electronics, sealed power units, inductive charging, and digital toy design are all well-established technologies. What still needs to be developed is their integration into a closed domestic cycle that considers toys as temporary expressions rather than permanent possessions.

The challenges are mainly cultural and regulatory. Safety certification must evolve to accommodate reconfigurable objects. Standards are needed for material purity, reuse cycles, and embedded energy modules. Parents would need to trust systems instead of objects. The issue of design also arises. Toys are not neutral; they embody values, behaviours, and stories. Bringing toy manufacturing into the home also transfers responsibility.

Today, toy manufacturing emphasises scale over durability. Items are mass-produced, shipped globally, used briefly, and discarded. In contrast, a domestic toy printer shifts this approach by producing fewer items, reducing shipments, and decreasing plastic waste. Producing toys only as needed and recycling materials and energy afterwards helps reduce waste at both the product level and throughout supply chains. This approach reduces transportation, lowering CO₂ emissions, and reduces manufacturing, resulting in less raw material extraction.

With The Imaginarium, toys are not everlasting. The materials are. Power is. Design is. Play is.

Ctrl + imagination + P,
Yours Possibly

Further Reading

De Angelis, G., Dupont, G., Lucherini, L. and Amstad, E., 2025. Recyclable 3D printable single network granular hydrogels. Biomaterials Science, 13(6), pp.1426-1433.
Goshtasbi, A., Grignaffini, L. and Sadeghi, A., 2025. Bio-inspired 3D printing approach for bonding soft and rigid materials through underextrusion. Scientific reports, 15(1), p.4429.
Jiang, Y., Ng, E.L.L., Han, D.X., Yan, Y., Chan, S.Y., Wang, J. and Chan, B.Q.Y., 2023. Self-Healing polymeric materials and composites for additive manufacturing. Polymers, 15(21), p.4206.
Liu, F., Jiang, J., Zhe, M., Yu, P., Xing, F. and Xiang, Z., 2025. Alginate-based 3D bioprinting strategies for structure–function integrated tissue regeneration. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 13(40), pp.12765-12811.
Nasiripour, S., Pishbin, F. and Seyyed Ebrahimi, S.A., 2025. 3D Printing of a self-healing, bioactive, and dual-cross-linked polysaccharide-based composite hydrogel as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 8(1), pp.582-599.
Rahman, S.S., Arshad, M., Qureshi, A. and Ullah, A., 2020. Fabrication of a self-healing, 3D printable, and reprocessable biobased elastomer. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(46), pp.51927-51939.
Wu, K., Xiao, J., Li, J. and Wang, Y., 2025. 3D Printed Hydrogels for Soft Robotic Applications. Journal of Polymer Materials, 42(2).

The Kairos Principle

The Bureaucratic Leech

Dear Impossible Readers,

Once upon a time, very close by, there lived a very beautiful leech called Bureaucracy….

I remember a story a friend of mine told me. A person was walking his dog in the park. Then the small dog decided to go down into the rabbit hole. Literally. After that, the fire brigade had to come and locate the little dog in the rabbit hole. A few things came to mind. Among them were “oh what a stupid dog” and “oh what kind of an idiot walks a dumb dog without a leash (yes, I am a cat person, but do not worry, I also love smart dogs). But perhaps the most important thought was “Did I just pay 35% income tax for that?”. Now, that is what I call a waste of tax money.

Unfortunately, humans resemble that small dog much more than we like to admit. We enjoy sending people down rabbit holes, and if we fail, we end up going down them ourselves. Yes, I mean bureaucracy.

Bureaucracy is the human tendency to create rabbit holes, label them carefully, assign someone to guard the entrance, and then act surprised when people fall into them. It thrives on good intentions and consumes time, energy, and common sense. Much like a leech, it does not attack aggressively. It attaches quietly, almost elegantly, and before you notice, you are weaker, slower, and inexplicably tired.

At first, it seems harmless. A form here. A signature there. “Just one more document,” it softly whispers. And because it presents itself as order, safety, and responsibility, we seldom question it. After all, who could oppose procedure? Fairness? Doing things “the right way”? But somewhere between form number three and form number seventeen, something curious occurs. The process becomes more significant than the outcome. The rules outlast their purpose. The leech grows fat.

And when things inevitably go wrong, as they always do, we respond in the only way we seem to know: by sending more people into the hole. Committees are formed. Departments are consulted. Firefighters arrive, funded by that same 35% income tax, to rescue a problem which did not need to exist in the first place.

The tragedy is not the existence of bureaucracy. Some organisation is essential. The real tragedy is that we mistake complexity for intelligence and procedure for wisdom. Like the small dog, we keep rushing ahead, convinced that someone else has checked if the hole is safe.

And this is where the leech shows its true talent.

Bureaucracy does not appear as a monster. It is refined. Symmetrical. Adorned with courteous language and official stamps. It reassures you that everything is under control while quietly consuming. It does not drain blood in a single violent moment. It sips over minutes, hours, years. A meeting here. A delay there. A requirement no one recalls inventing.

Like any clever leech, it convinces the host that its presence is essential. “Without me there would be chaos,” it claims. And so we allow it to remain. We even admire it. We call it “institutional knowledge.” We create flowcharts and display them on walls.

Meanwhile, the dog remains in the hole.

By the time we realise how much has been taken from us. Time, money, patience, initiative. We are already too exhausted to remove the leech. Doing so would require a form, possibly two, and certainly a committee. And so the leech remains, beautiful and well-fed, while we argue over who should recognise that we are bleeding.

Bureaucracy does not solve problems. It feeds on them.

Once upon a time, very close by, there lived a very beautiful leech called Bureaucracy.

And it is still there.

And it lives inefficiently ever after,
Yours Possibly

Further Reading

Breton, A., 1995. Organizational hierarchies and bureaucracies: An integrative essay. European Journal of Political Economy, 11(3), pp.411-440.
Brewer, G.A. and Walker, R.M., 2010. The impact of red tape on governmental performance: An empirical analysis. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(1), pp.233-257.
Coccia, M., 2009. Bureaucratization in public research institutions. Minerva, 47(1), pp.31-50.
George, B., Pandey, S.K., Steijn, B., Decramer, A. and Audenaert, M., 2021. Red Tape, organizational performance, and employee outcomes: Meta‐analysis, meta‐regression, and research agenda. Public Administration Review, 81(4), pp.638-651.
Holm, J.R., Nielsen, K. and Timmermans, B., 2025. Bureaucracy, work organization, and the transition to entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 64(4), pp.2179-2195.
Kaufmann, W., Taggart, G. and Bozeman, B., 2019. Administrative delay, red tape, and organizational performance. Public Performance & Management Review, 42(3), pp.529-553.
Pandey, S.K., Coursey, D.H. and Moynihan, D.P., 2007. Organizational effectiveness and bureaucratic red tape: A multimethod study. Public Performance & Management Review, 30(3), pp.398-425.

Cancer

The Rare Responsibility: Unauthorised Copies

Dear Impossible Readers,

Cancer is often characterised by uncontrolled growth, but ultra-rare cancers adhere to entirely different biological principles. Some are driven by a single fusion protein that modifies the epigenetic landscape, while others originate from immune precursors circulating in the bloodstream. Certain types excel by hijacking kinase signalling in otherwise healthy organs, whereas others survive within the protected environment of the brain. Rare cancers are not merely infrequent variants of common tumours. They are mechanistically distinct entities that challenge our understanding of how malignancy begins, progresses, and responds to treatment.

The range of rare cancers is striking. NUT Carcinoma (NC) results from a fusion that disrupts differentiation through epigenetic reprogramming, leading to an aggressive carcinoma. Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma (ASPS), originating from mesenchymal tissue, features a fusion that promotes angiogenesis and early metastasis despite slow primary growth. Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm (BPDCN) is not a solid tumour but a malignancy of innate immune precursors, often initially appearing in the skin before spreading systemically. Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma (FL-HCC) affects young people without liver disease and is driven by a kinase fusion protein. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL) occurs within the immune-privileged brain, where both biology and treatment are limited. These cancers demonstrate that rare cancers are a spectrum of distinct mechanisms, tissues, and challenges.

Treatment strategies reflect this biological diversity. Aggressive multimodal therapy, combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, is often used for NC, but outcomes remain poor. ASPS responds poorly to standard chemotherapy but may respond to VEGF inhibitors, which block new blood vessel growth that is essential for tumour expansion. For BPDCN, CD123-targeted therapies like tagraxofusp, delivering a cytotoxin to malignant cells, have transformed treatment, signalling a move toward lineage-specific immunotherapy. Managed primarily by surgery when possible, FL-HCC benefits most from complete tumour removal, as systemic therapies often have limited success. PCNSL requires high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) to cross the blood–brain barrier and target CNS lymphoma cells, sometimes followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), where a patient’s own stem cells are reinfused after intensive chemo to restore bone marrow. Across these diseases, precision medicine is vital, with understanding driver mutations or cellular origins guiding therapy.

Future treatments rely on more targeted biological approaches. BET inhibitors are small molecules that disrupt abnormal chromatin-binding proteins that sustain oncogenic transcription and are being studied for NC to reverse differentiation blockade. In ASPS, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which counteract inhibitory signals on T cells to boost anti-tumour immunity, are under investigation given the tumour’s immunogenic nature. For BPDCN, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T), where a patient’s T cells are engineered to target CD123-expressing cancer cells, shows promise as a future treatment. In FL-HCC, research centres on selective PKA pathway inhibitors to block continuous kinase signalling driven by the fusion protein. Additionally, new CNS-penetrant targeted therapies specifically designed to cross the blood–brain barrier, alongside combination immunomodulatory treatments, could transform PCNSL therapy. Rare cancers often act as models of clarity, as their dependence on a single fusion or pathway makes them highly suitable for precise targeted treatment.

Early molecular testing is essential for both patients and clinicians today. Rare cancers often go misdiagnosed or are mistaken for more common types, leading to treatment delays. Referring patients to specialised centres, enrolling them in rare cancer registries, and exploring clinical trials can significantly improve outcomes. Many ultra-rare cancers, such as NC, ASPS, BPDCN, FL-HCC, and PCNSL, have specific molecular drivers or biological contexts, making comprehensive genomic profiling urgent rather than optional. Despite their rarity, these cancers demand exceptional accuracy. Understanding their biological uniqueness is the crucial first step towards effective treatment.

Until the next rare post,
Yours Possibly

Which rare disease category would you like to see covered next?

Further Reading

Christyani, G., Carswell, M., Qin, S. and Kim, W., 2024. An overview of advances in rare cancer diagnosis and treatment. International journal of molecular sciences, 25(2), p.1201.
Dinh, T.A., Utria, A.F., Barry, K.C., Ma, R., Abou-Alfa, G.K., Gordan, J.D., Jaffee, E.M., Scott, J.D., Zucman-Rossi, J., O’Neill, A.F. and Furth, M.E., 2022. A framework for fibrolamellar carcinoma research and clinical trials. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 19(5), pp.328-342.
Van Der Graaf, W.T.A., Tesselaar, M.E.T., McVeigh, T.P., Oyen, W.J.G. and Fröhling, S., 2022, September. Biology-guided precision medicine in rare cancers: Lessons from sarcomas and neuroendocrine tumours. In Seminars in Cancer Biology (Vol. 84, pp. 228-241). Academic Press.
Van der Graaf, W.T., Heiss, N.S., Hynes, C.L., Keller, S.P., Weinman, A., Blay, J.Y., Franco, P., Giles, R.H., Lacombe, D., Schlatter, P. and Thomas, D.M., 2025. Overcoming the barriers to treatment of rare cancer patients in the era of precision oncology: A call to action. Cancer Treatment Reviews, p.103013.
Luo, J., Bishop, J.A., Dubois, S.G., Hanna, G.J., Sholl, L.M., Stelow, E.B., Thompson, L.D., Shapiro, G.I. and French, C.A., 2025. Hiding in plain sight: NUT carcinoma is an unrecognized subtype of squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs and head and neck. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 22(4), pp.292-306.
Mechahougui, H., Friedlaender, A., Görgülü, K., Tsantoulis, P., Illert, A.L., Subbiah, V., Wahida, A. and Kurzrock, R., 2026. Precision oncology in rare tumors: Have the orphans been adopted?. Med.
Mehra, S. and Taylor, J., 2024. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: a comprehensive review of the disease, central nervous system presentations, and treatment strategies. Cells, 13(3), p.243.
Mondello, P., Mian, M. and Bertoni, F., 2019. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: novel precision therapies. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 141, pp.139-145.
Moreno, V., Saluja, K. and Pina-Oviedo, S., 2022. NUT carcinoma: clinicopathologic features, molecular genetics and epigenetics. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, p.860830.
Paoluzzi, L. and Maki, R.G., 2019. Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of alveolar soft-part sarcoma: a review. JAMA oncology, 5(2), pp.254-260.
Schaff, L.R. and Grommes, C., 2022. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 140(9), pp.971-979.
Shimony, S., Luskin, M.R., Gangat, N., LeBoeuf, N.R., Feraco, A.M. and Lane, A.A., 2025. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN): 2025 update on Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, risk Assessment, and management. American Journal of Hematology, 100(8), pp.1408-1422.
Suto, H., 2025. Advances in alveolar soft part sarcoma treatment in the era of immunotherapy. ESMO Rare Cancers, 1, p.100002.
Wege, H., Schulze, K., von Felden, J., Calderaro, J. and Reig, M., 2021. Rare variants of primary liver cancer: Fibrolamellar, combined, and sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinomas. European Journal of Medical Genetics, 64(11), p.104313.

The Kairos Principle

The Fine Line Between Marketing and Harassment

Dear Impossible Readers,

Have you ever signed up for a service or content that includes the word “professional” somewhere? And then immediately regretted it? After several attempts to unsubscribe, you just ended up blocking this flood of unwanted content. Welcome to the club!

I understand the importance of marketing. At the same time, I can decide for myself what I want, and I really do not need a commercial or an email to tell me. If you grew up watching “normal” TV, you probably remember your life was filled with commercials. However, you might recall that some commercials were really fun to watch, and you did not mind rewatching them a few times. Just maybe not five times during one movie.

On the other hand, you have probably also seen or heard commercials that irritate you so much that it annoys you when you see the brand, and it makes you never want to buy from them in the first place.

Then there are types of marketing that deserve a special place in hell. They use extortion, like dramatically longer delivery times if you do not become a member. But you know what? If I really need it, I would just buy it from another retailer. And yes, that other retailer might actually make more money on that specific product because you paid a little more. But you know what? That retailer earned it by not being annoying.

The real difference between a nuisance and a brand leader lies in shifting from interruption to invitation. Effective marketing, like Toyota’s “Today, Tomorrow, Toyota” or the recent “Let’s Go Places,” works because it creates a consistent promise rather than just making noise. It respects the “Value Exchange,” the unspoken agreement that if a brand takes 30 seconds of your time, it should give you something in return, whether that’s a laugh, a useful insight, or a solution to a real problem. Poor marketing fails because it focuses on message volume instead of how quickly it delivers value. When a brand emphasises short-term metrics, like email open rates, over building long-term trust, it risks losing its reputation for a quick click.

This frustration underscores the delicate balance between effective communication and digital noise. Usually, the main factors are Permission, Signal, and Equity. Great marketing follows Seth Godin’s idea of “Permission Marketing,” where content is so well-targeted that recipients want to receive it instead of seeing it as spam. It is about maintaining a high “Signal-to-Noise” ratio and standing out by solving a real problem you face, rather than just shouting into the void. Companies using “special place in hell” tactics, often focus on immediate “Direct Response” sales at the cost of their “Brand Equity.” While they might make a quick sale today, they risk losing long-term trust and goodwill that could lead to repeat business.

Ultimately, the best marketing does not feel like a sales pitch. It feels like a well-timed recommendation from a friend who genuinely understands what you like.

To special places in hell,
Yours Possibly

Further Reading

Aaker, D.A. (1991) Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name. New York: Free Press.
Binet, L. and Field, P. (2013) The Long and the Short of It: Balancing Short and Long-Term Marketing Strategies. London: IPA.
Cialdini, R.B. (2007) Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. Rev. edn. New York: Harper Business.
Godin, S. (1999) Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers into Friends and Friends into Customers. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Godin, S. (2018) This Is Marketing: You Can’t Be Seen Until You Learn to See. New York: Portfolio/Penguin.
Newport, C. (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. New York: Grand Central Publishing.
Sharp, B. (2010) How Brands Grow: What Marketers Don’t Know. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Simon, H.A. (1971) ‘Designing Organizations for an Information-Rich World’, in Greenberger, M. (ed.) Computers, Communications, and the Public Interest. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 37–72.
Searls, D. (2012) The Intention Economy: When Customers Take Charge. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.

The Kairos Principle

Eve, Pandora, & The Architecture of Blame

Dear Impossible Readers,

Why are women so often portrayed as evil? Because they are not. Period.

I am not a feminist in the ideological sense. I believe in equality for everyone, regardless of their gender or sexuality. But I grew up with a grandfather who was unusually progressive for his time. He used to say: if all women wore trousers, there would be nowhere left in this world for men to stand.

He was not insulting women. He was recognising power.

Women are depicted as evil, dirty, or dangerous, not due to weakness, but because men have always known two things at once: that women are essential and that they cannot be completely controlled. This mix of dependence and fear has never led to generous storytelling.

This logic still holds today. When a woman slacks off at work, people are more likely to hire men afterwards, but when a man slacks off, we simply hire another bloke because this one will be different. How exactly does this logic work?

The same pattern extends upwards. Chaotic world politics is not just about geopolitics. It is a massive pecking order, governed by the same dominance logic that influences gender, labour, and power at all levels of society.

Throughout history and across different cultures, a common pattern endures: women are frequently blamed when things go wrong. Eve ate the forbidden fruit. Pandora released the contents of the jar. The witch prepared her potion. The shapeshifter altered her form. These tales are ancient, sacred to some, well-known to many, and deeply ingrained in societal explanations of themselves.

They did not occur by chance.

Historically, men held authority over storytelling. Myths, laws, and sacred writings emerged as societies aimed to impose order on a world riddled with uncertainty. Forces like fertility, birth, blood, sexuality, death, and transformation were unpredictable and uncontrollable. Women personified these forces. They experienced bodily changes, bleeding, and birth. Positioned at the cusp between beginnings and endings, between ongoing continuity and sudden rupture, their power was both majestic and unsettling.

Anthropologist Mary Douglas suggested that societies tend to classify things they cannot easily control as dangerous. In rigid systems, ambiguity is viewed as a threat. Women, inherently associated with ambiguity, often symbolise it. As a result, many narratives portray change as feminine and blame it accordingly.

Eve’s curiosity led to knowledge and exile, while Pandora’s curiosity caused suffering to spread. Both myths originated in societies that reinforced patriarchy, inheritance, and male lineage. Psychologist Erich Neumann referred to this as a cultural fear of the “Great Mother” archetype: the feminine as both creator and destroyer. Rather than accepting this complexity, these cultures portrayed feminine power as dangerous, tempting, or flawed.

This pattern appears in folklore, where women are more inclined than men to shapeshift into animals such as spiders, snakes, birds, or cats. These creatures are associated with the night, weaving, poison, and liminal spaces. Weaving was traditionally a woman’s task: storytelling became a tangible craft, with fate woven by hand. The spider symbolises both creator and trap, while shapeshifters represent survivors and threats. Silvia Federici notes that women known for knowledge, healing, midwifery, herbalism, and oral tradition were demonised during social change. Uncontrollable phenomena became sources of fear.

Psychologically, this phenomenon is projection. Historically, men exercised external power through law, force, and authority, while women wielded symbolic power associated with desire, life, and continuity. Societies projected fears such as chaos, mortality, temptation, and curiosity onto women and punished them through stories. This explains why women are often portrayed as temptresses, corruptors, or transformers, symbolising instability.

This pattern is not universal. When women share stories, interpretations evolve. In matrilineal or egalitarian cultures, women act as guides, teachers, and creators. Spider women craft worlds, and shapeshifting goddesses are playful, wise, and protective. Demonisation increases when male-dominated religious or political institutions formalise these stories, transforming oral traditions into a fixed canon.

These stories remain relevant because myths continue to shape perceptions, roles, and judgments today. Despite striving for equality in laws, work, and visibility, old blame narratives persist, depicting women as too curious, ambitious, disruptive, or excessive.

Modern retellings of ancient tales.

Questioning these myths does not undermine belief but explores the fears and significance behind them. The woman might not have been the actual issue, but a symbol of change, which always threatens those who want to maintain the status quo.

From the Garden of Eden,
Yours Possibly

Further Reading

Clifton, S.M., Hill, K., Karamchandani, A.J., Autry, E.A., McMahon, P. and Sun, G., 2019. Mathematical model of gender bias and homophily in professional hierarchies. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 29(2).
Douglas, M., 2003. Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. Routledge.
Eagly, A.H. and Karau, S.J., 2002. Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological review, 109(3), p.573.
Federici, S., 2004. Caliban and the Witch. Autonomedia.
Formanowicz, M., Witkowska, M., Hryniszak, W., Jakubik, Z. and Cisłak, A., 2023. Gender bias in special issues: evidence from a bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics, 128(4), pp.2283-2299.
Götz, E., 2021. Status matters in world politics.
Graves, A.L., Hoshino-Browne, E. and Lui, K.P., 2017. Swimming against the tide: Gender bias in the physics classroom. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 23(1).
Haegele, I., 2024. The broken rung: Gender and the leadership gap. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.07750.
Lin, A.Y.T., 2024. Contestation from below: status and revisionism in hierarchy. International Studies Quarterly, 68(3), p.sqae092.
MacDonald, P.K. and Parent, J.M., 2021. The status of status in world politics. World Politics, 73(2), pp.358-391.
McKinnon, M. and O’Connell, C., 2020. Perceptions of stereotypes applied to women who publicly communicate their STEM work. Humanities and social sciences communications, 7(1).
Neumann, E., 2015. The great mother: An analysis of the archetype. Princeton University Press.
Panerati, S., Moscatelli, S., Ruggieri, D., Menegatti, M., Ciaffoni, S., Mazzuca, S. and Rubini, M., 2025. Capturing Perceived Gendered Expectations in the Workplace: Development and Validation of the ‘Perfection Bias’ Scale. European Journal of Social Psychology.
Peng, A., Nushi, B., Kıcıman, E., Inkpen, K., Suri, S. and Kamar, E., 2019, October. What you see is what you get? the impact of representation criteria on human bias in hiring. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing (Vol. 7, pp. 125-134).
Pireddu, S., Bongiorno, R., Ryan, M.K., Rubini, M. and Menegatti, M., 2022. The deficit bias: Candidate gender differences in the relative importance of facial stereotypic qualities to leadership hiring. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(2), pp.644-671.
Subotić, J., 2025. The 19th-century ‘antiquities rush’and the international competition for cultural status. Review of International Studies, pp.1-16.

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